What does this stack include?

1 Bottle of Post-Workout Empyrean Nutrition Insu-Pro

1 Bottle of Pre-Workout Empyrean Nutrition Beta Peptide

What is Insu-Pro?

Q: Why use Insu-Pro?A: Insu-Pro was developed to rapidly deliver nutrients to muscle cells. Specifically Insu-Pro contains fast absorbing carbohydrates to facilitate an insulin spike, fast absorbing protein, antioxidants, and an insulin mimetic. Many athletes train in multiple disciplines and as a result require the proper nutrients post and/or intra-workout to keep muscles primed for peak performance. With the addition of Na R-ALA, which is not just a powerful anti-oxidant, it is also an inducer of cellular signaling pathways, an insulin mimetic, a hypotriglyceridemic agent, a vasorelaxant/anti-hypertensive compound, a metal chelator, and an adjuvant for neurocognitive function Insu-Pro is simply the best recovery supplement available.

Q: Why use hydrolyzed casein protein?  
A: This can be answered with a question. What is the first food source when you and other mammals come into this world? You got it milk which in humans is comprised of 50% casein and 50% whey protein*. As we all know nature knows best, therefore during this critical time of growth and cell division nature has selected a food source comprised of both whey and casein protein for its biological benefits. Post workout nutrition presents a similar challenge which is the requirement for fast absorption in the proper ratios for recovery. Therefore Insu-Pro contains rapid absorbing hydrolyzed casein and whey protein isolate. * Please note the protein content of human milk varies throughout lactation, the percentage quoted above is an average during this period [1, 2, 3]

 Many athletes/fitness enthusiasts ask themselves, if they are ingesting the proper nutrients to maximize recovery? With Empyrean Nutrition you can always be certain that you are getting an evidence based product with ingredients that have been thoroughly tested and demonstrated to be effective in humans. Insu-Pro is no different as you get the most advanced, evidence based recovery product on the market:

• 10 grams of clinically proven PeptoPro® hydrolyzed casein protein
• Low Temperature Processed Micro Filtered Whey Protein Isolate
• Perfect 2:1 Ratio of Fast Absorbing Carbohydrates and Protein for Optimized Recovery
• 6 grams of BCAAs per serving
• 150 mg Bio-Enhanced® Na R-Alpha Lipoic Acid, a powerful anti-oxidant and insulin mimetic
• Lactose Free
• Gluten Free
• No Bunk Carbohydrates like Waxy Maize Starch
• Mixes Easily & Tastes Great!

Q: Why use hydrolyzed casein protein?  

A: This can be answered with a question. What is the first food source when you and other mammals come into this world? You got it milk which in humans is comprised of 50% casein and 50% whey protein*. As we all know nature knows best, therefore during this critical time of growth and cell division nature has selected a food source comprised of both whey and casein protein for its biological benefits. Post workout nutrition presents a similar challenge which is the requirement for fast absorption in the proper ratios for recovery. Therefore Insu-Pro contains rapid absorbing hydrolyzed casein and whey protein isolate. * Please note the protein content of human milk varies throughout lactation, the percentage quoted above is an average during this period [1, 2, 3]

 Many athletes/fitness enthusiasts ask themselves, if they are ingesting the proper nutrients to maximize recovery? With Empyrean Nutrition you can always be certain that you are getting an evidence based product with ingredients that have been thoroughly tested and demonstrated to be effective in humans. Insu-Pro is no different as you get the most advanced, evidence based recovery product on the market:

• 10 grams of clinically proven PeptoPro® hydrolyzed casein protein

• Low Temperature Processed Micro Filtered Whey Protein Isolate

• Perfect 2:1 Ratio of Fast Absorbing Carbohydrates and Protein for Optimized Recovery

• 6 grams of BCAAs per serving

• 150 mg Bio-Enhanced® Na R-Alpha Lipoic Acid, a powerful anti-oxidant and insulin mimetic

• Lactose Free

• Gluten Free

• No Bunk Carbohydrates like Waxy Maize Starch

• Mixes Easily & Tastes Great!

Post-Workout Research has demonstrated an intense training session (> 60 - 90 minutes) will deplete internal energy stores, i.e. glycogen. If one were to only ingest protein post-workout the protein would be used to stabilize blood sugar levels and replenish glycogen. This would be accomplished by gluconeogenesis where the body converts glucogenic amino acids into glucose (sugar). This does not increase muscle protein synthesis. If one were only to ingest carbohydrates post-workout the body would also stabilize blood sugar levels and replenish glycogen, however the body does not have a mechanism to convert carbohydrates to protein (hence some amino acids are essential). The net result of ingesting either carbohydrates or protein alone is an incomplete recovery. On the other hand ingestion of carbohydrates and protein within one hour after exercise has been shown to significantly increase muscle protein synthesis, increase insulin levels, optimize glycogen resynthesis, reduce immune-suppressive effects of intense exercise, and stimulate the mTOR pathways [4, 5, 6, 7, 8]. The ideal post-workout supplement contains fast absorbing protein, high glycemic index carbohydrates, an insulin mimetic, and antioxidants. With Insu-Pro you have all of your bases covered. When developing Insu-Pro we left no stone unturned, so let’s start with some facts on protein digestion. After physical breakdown protein digestion continues with hydrolysis (the addition of a water molecule to break peptide bonds) of protein to di-peptides, tri-peptides, and free form amino acids which are then absorbed into the blood stream and transported to cells throughout the body. Only free form amino acids, di- and tri-peptides can be absorbed by the body, anything larger needs to be broken down. Larger oligopeptides need enzymes to degrade protein which require time and energy for production. PeptoPro® on the other hand already consists of di- and tri peptides which need no digestion and can be absorbed by the body instantly. Moreover research demonstrates that hydrolysates composed mostly of di- & tri-peptides are absorbed faster than hydrolysates containing larger peptides, faster than whole food proteins, and faster than free form amino acids.

Why is PeptoPro® different from other hydrolysates?

First off Peptopro® is a hydrolyzed casein protein as opposed to a hydrolyzed whey protein. Current whey protein hydrolysates on the market are obtained via 'classic' hydrolysis. This ‘classic’ form of hydrolysis leaves proteins tasting bitter and absorbed slower due to a large amount of left over larger peptides and free form amino acids that can cause some allergic reactions. Peptopro® uses a patented enzyme technology that breaks proteins down into the smallest of parts. There are different enzymes available depending on their preference for the place where they break through the amino acid chain. The broken up protein pieces are called peptides; they consist of at least two amino acids. In ‘classic’ hydrolysis exoproteases are used as they detach the first amino acid from a peptide chain, one at a time. These standard enzymes are used to cleave the protein and leave larger oligopeptides with a bitter taste. Peptopro® uses only endopeptidases and a new patented endoprotease with a preference for the amino acid proline. The resulting di- & tri-peptides are water soluble and no longer bitter. In this way the unique PeptoPro® production process ensures that fewer single amino acids are left over (<2%) and equally important, the bitter peptides are removed! In addition di- and tri-peptides do not lie in your stomach like a brick, which means that PeptoPro® can also be taken before, during, or immediately following a sports performance. This is important as during intense exercise the body’s digestive capacity is dramatically reduced due to limited blood flow to the gut (up to 80%), since PeptoPro® contains more than 60% di- and tri-peptides this keeps blood in muscle tissue, where you need it. In addition to over 60% of PeptoPro® being smaller than 500 Dalton and di- and tri-peptides, molecular mapping indicates that it consists of less than 2% free form amino acids. The low level of free form amino acids is significant as the body prefers di- and tri-peptides as they are absorbed into the small intestinal epithelial cells by co-transport with H+ ions via a transporter called PepT1 [9]. On the other hand in a competitive environment (i.e. other macronutrients in the gut) the amount of free form amino acids that can be absorbed at a given time is limited by competitive inhibition as they are oxidized and used for energy rather than protein [10].

PeptoPro® breakdown:

• During and immediately following intense exercise the body’s digestive capacity is dramatically reduced due to limited blood flow to the gut (up to 80%), since PeptoPro® contains more than 60% di- and tri-peptides this keeps blood in muscle tissue, where you need it.

• Molecular mapping indicates that PeptoPro® consists of less than 2% free amino acids

• Peptides obtained by ‘classic’ hydrolysis is extremely bitter, absorbed slower, and can cause some allergic reactions. They have no or only a low effect on raising insulin levels after exercise.

• The di- and tri-peptides in PeptoPro® are completely water soluble. They form a clear and stable solution which is not bitter. They are quickly absorbed by the body and stimulate insulin production. They are hypoallergenic and were thoroughly tested during the Athens Olympic Games in 2004.

• In a competitive environment, i.e. substances competing for absorption into the bloodstream di- & tri-peptides are much more stable than free form amino acids, are preferred by the body, and as a result are absorbed into the bloodstream much more efficiently.

Below is an illustration of the unique method of hydrolysation used to make PeptoPro®

Why use PeptoPro® over whey protein hydrolysate?

Remember we discussed the ‘classic’ form of hydrolysis which leaves proteins tasting bitter, absorbed slower due to left over larger peptides and free form amino acids, and can cause some allergic reactions. The problem with whey protein hydrolysates on the market today is that there is yet to be a hydrolysation process to cure this problem. Also when compared to PeptoPro® whey protein hydrolysate has been demonstrated to be inferior. R Demling and L DeSanti carried out a study with 34 American police officers who were overweight. They all followed a hypo caloric diet (80% RDA) for 12 weeks. The second group received extra whey protein hydrolysate (1,5 g/kg/day) and the third group received extra PeptoPro® casein hydrolysate (1,5 g/kg/day). The results are illustrated in the table below:

As illustrated above all three groups lost body weight. The protein enriched diets led to a greater loss of body fat and increased lean body mass which resulted in a measureable increase in muscle power! Both proteins, whey and casein, were given in the form of hydrolysates, the difference lays in the absorption rate.

Why add Microfiltered Whey Protein Isolate?

In addition to clinically proven PeptoPro®, Insu-Pro also has cold temperature processed, microfiltered whey protein isolate. Microfiltration is a process to filter out fat, lactose, ash, and larger protein molecules that are more difficult to absorb. These are present in whey concentrates and other lower quality whey protein powders. Instead of relying on chemicals and processing at a higher temperature, microfiltration is a delicate process performed at a low temperature employing very fine filters. The net result of microfiltration is an undenatured protein with high levels of bioactive whey protein fractions; immunoglobulin, lactoferrin and glycomacropeptides (GMP).

Whey Protein Isolate Characteristics:

• Absorbs rapidly

• Rich in BCAAs

• Bioactive protein fractions, including immunoglobulin, lactoferrin and glycomacropeptides (GMP).

What are high glycemic index carbohydrates and why use them?

The glycemic index is a measure of the effect carbohydrates have on blood sugar levels. The faster a carbohydrate breaks down and gets into the bloodstream the higher the glycemic index will be. Insu-Pro has both dextrose and maltodextrin as these carbohydrates have the highest glycemic index. Don’t be fooled by products that boast about using bunk carbohydrates such as waxy maize starch (WMS) and look to pass the cost along to you. In a study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition comparing WMS to dextrose and sucrose not only did WMS absorb slower than dextrose it also absorbed slower than sucrose which is a low glycemic index carbohydrate [11]. This means slower gastric emptying, a lesser spike in insulin, and a delay in nutrients reaching your blood. The combination of the fast absorbing protein, Na+ R Lipoic Acid, and high glycemic index carbohydrates in Insu-Pro yield the best post-workout supplement on the market.

What is Bio-Enhanced® Na R-Lipoic Acid (NaRALA)?

Alpha Lipoic Acid is amongst the most potent antioxidants in nature and is the only antioxidant that is soluble (dissolves) in both fat and water, so it protects all parts of your cells from harmful free radicals. Bio-Enhanced® NaRALA is added to Insu-Pro not only for its anti-oxidant effects but also for its dual effect on insulin (Insulin is a powerful hormone that is essential to allow entry of glucose into liver, muscle, and fat tissue where it can either be converted into usable energy or stored energy (glycogen or fat) for later use). Specifically Bio-Enhanced® NaRALA acts as an insulin mimetic (acts like insulin) and an insulin sensitizing agent. Bio-Enhanced® NaRALA is the most bioavailable oral form of Lipoic Acid on the market. The vast majority of Alpha Lipoic Acid products on the market today contain an unnatural form of Lipoic Acid that is not found anywhere in nature and did not even exist until it was chemically synthesized in 1952. These are racemic mixtures where 50% is the natural form and 50% is NOT the natural form, this is not recommended. R-Lipoic Acid is the natural form of Lipoic Acid. It is significantly more potent than the synthetic form as it is the exact type your body makes and requires. R-Lipoic Acid is the better form when compared to Alpha Lipoic Acid, however pure R-Lipoic Acid in its “free acid” form lacks stability and bioavailability. The “R” form (R-Lipoic) is considered the “eutomer” (the biologically superior form) of Alpha Lipoic Acid, however it needs to be stabilized. Bio-Enhanced® Na R Lipoic Acid (NaRALA) is the stable form of R-Lipoic Acid as it is the sodium salt of R-Lipoic Acid. In fact as evidenced in the chart below pharmacokinetic data demonstrated Bio-Enhanced® Na R-Lipoic Acid (NaRALA) is the most bioavailable oral form of Lipoic Acid on the market. A preliminary human trial found that people who took Bio-Enhanced® Na R-Lipoic Acid (NaRALA) achieved blood concentrations of Lipoic Acid a full 40 times higher than those who took unstabilized RLA. In addition to the numerous studies on Alpha Lipoic Acid over a dozen peer reviewed published studies demonstrate the benefits listed below in humans from specifically taking Bio-Enhanced® Na R-Lipoic Acid (NaRALA):  

• Improve metabolism, increase insulin sensitivity which improves glucose and peptide transport

• Increase lean muscle mass

• The only antioxidant that is soluble (that dissolves) in both fat and water, so it protects all parts of your cells — the fatty cell membrane and the aqueous cell interior — from harmful free radicals

• Restore levels of glutathione, a protective antioxidant and detoxification compound

• Increase ATP (energy) levels for more strength, explosive power output, and endurance

• Reverse oxidative damage to enzymes and DNA

• Support a healthy response to inflammation, including decreasing C-reactive protein

• Enhance cardiovascular health by promoting vasodilation (relaxation of blood vessels)

• Protect the integrity of the brain and nervous system

• Chelate heavy metals* [12-22]

What is Beta-Peptide?

Beta Peptide - Non Stimulant Pre/Intra Workout Supplement with Carnosyn® Beta Alanine and BCAA rich PeptoPro® - 30 Servings! Fruit Punch Flavor.

Beta Peptide Benefits:
•    Increases Strength
•    Improves Endurance
•    Speeds Recovery from Intense Exercise
•    Increases Muscle Carnosine for Prolonged Periods which Delays Fatigue
•    Stable, Rapid Absorbing Di- and Tri-Peptide Bonded Amino Acids
•    Rich in BCAAs
•    Anti-Catabolic
•    Loaded with Anti-Oxidants and Phyto-Nutrients to Keep you Healthy and in the Gym or Training

Q: What is Beta Peptide?
A: 30 serving Beta Peptide is a pre-workout and intra-workout performance drink proven to increase recovery and athletic performance.  All of Beta Peptide's ingredients are supported by actual peer reviewed studies in humans for effectiveness.  Beta Peptide contains no caffeine or stimulants, so you can take it whenever you want, pre-workout, intra-workout, or as an anytime cocktail.  Benefits from Beta Peptide can be experienced by serious athletes and weekend warriors alike.  Beta Peptide is a unique product packed with a powerful super foods blend comprised of 29 nutrient-dense fruits and greens, including 10 organic fruits providing naturally occurring antioxidants, enzymes, and dozens of phytonutrients.  PeptoPro® is added as during intense exercise the body’s digestive capacity is dramatically reduced due to limited blood flow (up to 80%); since PeptoPro® contains more than 60% di- and tri-peptides (molecules so small that they need no digestion and can be absorbed by the body instantly) this keeps blood in muscle tissue, where you need it.  With the addition of acid fighting Carnosyn® Beta-Alanine, Beta Peptide is a unique evidence based product for those looking for a product that actually does what it says.

Q: Why use Beta Peptide?
A: Beta Peptide is an evidence based product that can be used pre-workout, intra-workout, or whenever you feel like a great tasting, refreshing, acid fighting, fruit and green superfoods, BCAA rich di- & tri-peptide bonded amino acid cocktail. Beta Peptide highlights:
•    2 grams of Patented Carnosyn® Beta Alanine per serving
•    3 grams of BCCA rich PeptoPro® per serving
•    Fruits and Greens Blend Provides an ORAC value of 4,060 per serving
•    Equal to Four Servings of Vegetables
•    Antioxidant rich Green Tea
•    Over 60% di- and tri peptides, molecules so small that they need no digestion and can be absorbed by the body instantly
•    Stimulant Free

Beta-Alanine
Beta Peptide contains CarnoSyn® which is the patented form of Beta-Alanine.  Beta-Alanine is a naturally occurring beta amino acid produced in muscle tissue as a component of carnosine.  Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a di-peptide composed of the amino acids beta alanine and histidine.  Carnosine acts as a buffering agent, delaying acidic build-up that causes muscle failure and fatigue.  Carnosine must be present to maintain intracellular pH. CarnoSyn® Beta-Alanine is GRAS (Generally Recognized As Safe), free of banned substances, kosher, and safe for competitive and professional athletes.  Benefits from supplementing Beta-Alanine include:
•    Increases strength
•    Improves endurance
•    Speeds recovery from intense exercise
•    Increases muscle carnosine for prolonged periods which delays fatigue
•    Increases muscle buffering capacity

Recent research has continued the trend of investigating and demonstrating the performance enhancing effects of Beta-Alanine.  In one study seventeen recreationally-active men participated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.  The participants did two incremental treadmill tests before and after 28 days of supplementation with either beta-alanine (6g/day) or an equivalent dose of maltodextrin as the placebo.  The researchers concluded that supplementation with Beta-Alanine for 28 days enhanced sub-maximal endurance performance by delaying onset of blood lactate accumulation. [1] In another study twenty two collegiate wrestlers and fifteen football players participated in a study and the researchers concluded that the subjects that received beta-alanine out performed subjects who received the placebo on all tests.  Specifically the football group that received beta-alanine decreased their 300 yard shuttle time by 1.1 sec (vs. 0.4 sec. placebo) and increased their flexed arm hang time (3.0 vs. 0.39 seconds).  In the wrestling group both the placebo and beta-alanine group lost weight however  the beta-alanine group increased lean mass by 1.1 lbs, whereas the placebo group lost lean mass (-0.98 lbs).  Both of the football groups gained weight however the beta-alanine group gained an average of 2.1 lb lean mass compared to 1.1 lb for placebo. [2] There have been many other peer reviewed studies demonstrating the performance enhancing effects of supplementing with beta-alanine. As a result of this evidence Beta Peptide delivers 2 grams of CarnoSyn® Beta-Alanine per serving.

Superfoods Fruits and Greens Blend
Everyone has probably heard the old adage “you are what you eat” well you have heard this because in large part it’s true. Many people simply do not eat enough superfoods.  Superfoods make up a special category of foods found in nature.  They are called superfoods due to them being a superior source of antioxidants and phytonutrients.  The link between health and peak athletic performance is often lost in the shuffle.  The fact of the matter is the body performs at its best when it’s healthy.  Athletes put their bodies through lots of stress from intense training and as a result free radicals and oxidants increase in the body.  Oxidants and free radicals are generated in the body when healthy cells are functioning properly as they are the by-products of normal metabolism.  Now these by-products need to be neutralized and this where superfoods shine. Specifically the custom made high ORAC superfoods fruits and greens blend in Beta Peptide provide the following:

o    Provides an ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) Value of 4,060 per serving
o    Equal to 4 Servings of Vegetables
o    10 Organic Fruits providing Naturally Occurring Antioxidants, Enzymes, and Dozens of Phytonutrients
o    19 Whole Fruits and Vegetables
o    Antioxidant Rich Green Tea Extract
o    Antioxidant Rich Grape Seed Extract

Why use PeptoPro®?
Peptopro® is a hydrolyzed casein protein.  Current whey protein hydrolysates on the market are obtained via 'classic' hydrolysis.  This ‘classic’ form of hydrolysis leaves proteins tasting bitter and absorbed slower due to a large amount of left over larger peptides and free form amino acids that can cause some allergic reactions. Peptopro® uses a patented enzyme technology that breaks proteins down into the smallest of parts.  There are different enzymes available depending on their preference for the place where they break through the amino acid chain.  The broken up protein pieces are called peptides; they consist of at least two amino acids.  In ‘classic’ hydrolysis exoproteases are used as they detach the first amino acid from a peptide chain, one at a time.  These standard enzymes are used to cleave the protein and leave larger oligopeptides with a bitter taste.  Peptopro® uses only endopeptidases and a new patented endoprotease with a preference for the amino acid proline. The resulting di- & tri-peptides are water soluble and no longer bitter.  In this way the unique PeptoPro® production process ensures that fewer single amino acids are left over (<2%) and equally important, the bitter peptides are removed!  In addition di- and tri-peptides do not lie in your stomach like a brick, which means that PeptoPro® can also be taken before, during, or immediately following training.  This is important as during intense exercise the body’s digestive capacity is dramatically reduced due to limited blood flow to the gut (up to 80%), since PeptoPro® contains more than 60% di- and tri-peptides this keeps blood in muscle tissue where you need it. In addition to over 60% of PeptoPro® being smaller than 500 Dalton and di- and tri-peptides, molecular mapping indicates that it consists of less than 2% free form amino acids. The low level of free form amino acids is significant as the body prefers di- and tri-peptides as they are absorbed into the small intestinal epithelial cells by co-transport with H+ ions via a transporter called PepT1 [3].  On the other hand in a competitive environment (i.e. other macronutrients in the gut) the amount of free form amino acids that can be absorbed at a given time is limited by competitive inhibition as they are oxidized and used for energy rather than protein [4]. 

PeptoPro® breakdown:
•    During intense exercise the body’s digestive capacity is dramatically reduced due to limited blood flow to the gut (up to 80%), since PeptoPro® contains more than 60% di- and tri-peptides this keeps blood in muscle tissue, where you need it.
•    Molecular mapping indicates that PeptoPro® consists of  less than 2% free amino acids
•    Peptides obtained by ‘classic’ hydrolysis is extremely bitter, absorbed slower, and can cause some allergic reactions. They have no or only a low effect on raising insulin levels after exercise.
•    The di- and tri-peptides in PeptoPro® are completely water soluble. They form a clear and stable solution which is not bitter. They are quickly absorbed by the body and stimulate insulin production. They are hypoallergenic and were thoroughly tested during the Athens Olympic Games in 2004.
•    In a competitive environment, i.e. substances competing for absorption into the bloodstream di- & tri-peptides are much more stable than free form amino acids, are preferred by the body, and as a result are absorbed into the bloodstream much more efficiently.

Below is an illustration of the unique method of hydrolysation used to make PeptoPro®:

Why use PeptoPro® over whey protein hydrolysate?
Remember we discussed the ‘classic’ form of hydrolysis which leaves proteins tasting bitter, absorbed slower due to left over larger peptides and free form amino acids, and can cause some allergic reactions.  The problem with  whey protein hydrolysates on the market today is that there is yet to be a hydrolysation process to cure this problem.  Also when compared to PeptoPro® whey protein hydrolysate has been demonstrated to be inferior.  R Demling and L DeSanti carried out a study with 34 American police officers who were overweight.  They all followed a hypo caloric diet (80% RDA) for 12 weeks. The second group received extra whey protein hydrolysate (1,5 g/kg/day) and the third group received extra PeptoPro® casein hydrolysate (1,5 g/kg/day).  The results are illustrated in the table below:

As illustrated above all three groups lost body weight.  The protein enriched diets led to a greater loss of body fat and increased lean body mass which resulted in a measureable increase in muscle power!  Both proteins, whey and casein, were given in the form of hydrolysates, the difference lays in the absorption rate.

References
¹ Thomas Jordan, Judith Lukaszuk, Mark Misic, Josephine Umoren Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2010, 7:20 (19 May 2010)
² Benjamin Kern, Tracey Robinson Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2009, 6(Suppl 1):P2 (31 July 2009)
³Tarnopolsky MA, Bosman M, Macdonald JR, Vandeputte D, Martin J, Roy BD: Postexercise protein-carbohydrate and carbohydrate supplements increase muscle glycogen in men and women.  J Appl Physiol 1997, 83(6):1877-83.
⁴Bowen, R. "Absorption of Amino Acids and Peptides." Arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu. Colorado State University, 8 July 2006. Web. 04 Oct. 2011.